The courts are likely to protect teachers whose nonconventional behaviors are practiced with discretion. The delicate balance between the private rights of teachers and the interests of school officials in protecting the integrity of the educational process is summed up in the teacher's duty to privacy. (Author/IRT)

Because negotiation channels creative energy and uses student ideas for the benefit of the school, it can create an environment more conducive to teaching and learning than the repressive environments that cause petty irritations, repeated disruptions, violence, and vandalism. (Author/IRT)

Recounts the history of the case, its unfolding in court, and the implications of the court's holdings. (IRT)

Discusses written and unwritten tests of teachers and such issues as due process, equal protection, and test validity. (IRT)

Teaching is not an activity directly producing the learning of some specific matter (which is inadequate as a definition of teaching and incapable of being guaranteed), but an activity intentionally directed toward, and potentially capable of, improving the student's general intellectual functioning or "cognitive competence" in whatever…

The courts have more consistently dismembered Title IX than enforced it. (Author/IRT)

The court's finding invalidates New York State's system of financing schools because of problems including municipal overburden. (Author/IRT)

This report on the First Annual National Conference on Student Competencies focues on the legal challenges to competency testing. (IRT)

Provides a history of desegregation in the Dallas schools, and then presents two views of the district's integration efforts--one from the Anglo perspective and one from the Black/Mexican-American perspective. (IRT)

The principle that emerges from the case is that a public employer does not have to share all relevant information with an employee prior to a termination hearing. (Author)

Unlike the Warren Court, the Burger Court has had a lack of unanimity on school desegregation cases and the court has been divided. As a result there is no clear direction evident in the court's decisions. (IRT)

Unlike earlier cases, in Givhan the Supreme Court has accepted for consideration a case in which a teacher was dismissed for private rather than public speech. (IRT)

Six sets of emerging issues that could involve specific students and classroom situations are discussed here: class suspensions and due process, class rules and teacher inconsistency, classroom equality of opportunity, competency testing, classification of students, and classroom management in alternative schools. (Author)

In the Manhart case, the Supreme Court ruled that it is unconstitutional for women to be required to make higher payments into a retirement fund than do men to receive the same benefits. A district judge ruled elsewhere that a plan calling for equal payments but reduced monthly benefits for women is constitutional. (IRT)