May be used to refer to a "second wave" reform strategy of the U.S. whose impetus was the "Excellence in Education" movement, based on the premise that the organization of schools must be changed in order to stem widespread academic failure and to meet higher standards demanded by society -- bureaucratic decentralization is the core component, whether in the form of school based management, a choice plan, or some variation on privatization. May also be used to refer to school restructuring required by the No Child Left Behind Act. Such restructuring emphasizes changes in staffing and governance of schools in order to improve student academic achievement. Decentralization is not a core component.