While online education has made great strides in recent years to become an accepted component of higher education, with many colleges now offering accredited online degree programs, the current opportunities and challenges of online K-12 education are still awash in the turbulent waters of regional politics, temperamental technologies, changing study skills for students, untested learning theories, and numerous innovative yet experimental teaching methods. From completely online charter schools to informal networks of home schools, the evolution of online K-12 education has been persistent since the earliest developments of the Internet. Questions of academic achievement, retention, progression toward degree, and social development of students in online programs is, however, a continuing question for distance educators. In response, the following article provides a review and digest of the current literature on student success in online K-12 education.