This report is part of a series of four guidance reports that the EEF has produced on the theme of language and literacy. It focuses on pupils between the ages of 5 and 7 in Key Stage 1. However, it may also be applicable to older pupils who have fallen behind their peers, or younger pupils who are making rapid progress. Separate reports cover recommendations for effective approaches for improving literacy in Key Stage 2 (ages 7-11 years), supporting language and literacy development in the early years (ages 3-5 years), and improving literacy in secondary schools. This second edition presents the same recommendations as the first, but offers additional examples, explanations and resources to provide direct paths of action from the evidence-based guidance to classroom practice. The recommendations represent 'lever points' where there is useful evidence about language and literacy teaching that schools can use to make a significant difference to pupils' learning. [The first edition was authored by Steve Higgins, Peter Henderson, Thomas Martell, Jonathan Sharples, and David Waugh. For the three other companion reports in this series, see Improving Literacy in Key Stage 2 (ED612216); Improving Literacy in Secondary Schools (ED612217); and Preparing for Literacy: Improving Communication, Language and Literacy in the Early Years (ED612218).]