This review of literature highlights the empirical work to date in the area of K-12 distance education and online learning. While research indicates that distance and online learning can be equally effective as compared to more traditional learning environments for many students, there is little empirical evidence to suggest that previously validated face-to-face best practices can be effective in the online environment or if students with disabilities have similarly parallel experiences. Technology/media--the debate as to whether it is a part of instructional design or an inert component of the learning environment seems to be ending as the sophistication of technology changes the very nature of instruction and demonstrates the need for empirically validating practices in this new environment. The potential impact on rural schools and districts is of particular import in light of their often-critical need for access to qualified teachers and advanced coursework for their students. We conclude with considerations for research including lingering questions as well as a call for action on the part of educational researchers.