In this chapter, the author discusses immigrant newcomer populations and their experiences with K-12 schooling in preparation for and access to postsecondary education. Much attention has been paid to the concept of immigrant optimism, namely, that immigrant parents are optimistic about their children's futures, including their educational outcomes, in the United States. According to immigration researchers, this optimism notwithstanding, there is a gap between what immigrant parents hope for and how their children fare, depending on how they have been incorporated into the United States along the lines of labor market, legal status, neighborhood, and race (Portes & Rumbaut, 2001). The author primarily focuses on immigrant newcomer populations from economically disadvantaged backgrounds, the ways they have been framed in debates about the achievement gap in education, and how they and their families have been incorporated into K-12 schools and the college pipeline. [This article represents Chapter 4 of "The Elementary and Secondary Education Act at 40: Reviews of Research, Policy Implementation, Critical Perspectives, and Reflections," "Review of Research in Education," v29, 2005 (EJ748131).]