The assessment of ecological factors that affect individual mental health or academic functioning is an important component of educational and psychological consultation. Researchers and practitioners have conceptualized such ecological or environmental factors in a variety of ways and from a broad range of perspectives. In this article we identify and describe important components of a student's environment that affect both instruction and mental health. The integration of these components into present educational and psychological assessments is discussed in light of available research. We conclude by highlighting specific needs for further research and development in ecological assessment, including expansion and improvement of assessment methods, improvement of available instrumentation, and increased attention toward effective implementation.