This study investigated the use and functions of metadiscourse markers in English as a foreign language (EFL) virtual classroom during the Covid-19 pandemic. The study examined which metadiscourse markers--interactive or interactional--were used more frequently and how they were employed in an EFL context. It explored two interactive metadiscourse…

This paper argues that understanding what is offered as professional development frames what matters in English language teaching in a national education system. Analyzing these offerings articulates the values and perceptions of the work environment in which teachers live professionally. The "Learning4Teaching" ("L4T") project…

This paper seeks to elaborate on the notion of "grammatical metaphor" intended by M. A. K. Halliday (1983) in his Functional Systemic Linguistics (FSL). "Metaphor" in linguistic parlance is "a process of mapping between two different conceptual domains--the source domain and the target domain". Halliday draws on this…

Although academic dishonesty has received considerable attention in recent years, there is little research on how non-serious cheating issues in a discipline such as biology or chemistry can become highly serious offenses in the context of instruction in the modern languages (MLs). One of these "grey areas" is (unauthorized) editing by a…

The kind of technical knowledge found in teacher guides is fundamentally different from the kind of technical knowledge found in published research about language learning. I refer to the former as "pedagogic discourse" and to the latter as "research-based discourse". The purpose of this article is to examine how links can be…