Introduction: There is little research applying structuration theory in library collaboration studies. This research aims to show how structuration theory informed a study of collaborative relationships between academics and librarians in two universities of Vietnam and Australia. Method: The research used the case study method. Data collection was undertaken with fifty-two participants who were academics, library staff and administrators from one university in Australia and one university in Vietnam. Analysis: Sources of evidences included forty-one semi-structured interviews, a focus group, two observation sessions, a workshop and several written responses that were analysed using middle-level analysis techniques, grounded theory analysis methods and cross-case comparison strategies. Results: The theory informed the study of collaboration in two university contexts and enabled the exploration of the influences of power, culture and social identities on academics and library staff during their collaboration practices, and how their actions change these social structures in different socio-economic, cultural and political contexts. Conclusion: The research contributes initial empirical experiences and research strategies by using the central concepts of structuration theory to study collaboration. It further enriches its interpretation with new personal dimensions including personality, personal relationships and personal perceptions in studying collaboration.