"Which preschool programs best prepare students for kindergarten?" "Which students from which schools need remediation classes in higher education?" "How successful are college graduates in the workforce by major or credential?" These are just a few of the questions that can be answered by a robust longitudinal data system that enables a state to track student performance from early learning through the workforce. Statewide Longitudinal Data Systems (SLDS) can enhance the ability of states, districts, schools, educators and other stakeholders to efficiently and accurately manage, analyze, and use education data to make informed decisions that can improve student learning and outcomes. SLDS also facilitate research to evaluate and improve institutional and program performance. This issue of "CoNCepts" describes how SLDS are used, how North Carolina implements SLDS, and important considerations for states to ensure successful implementation and public reporting.