This article reports on two national teachers' unions that have mounted a vigorous lobbying campaign to rewrite language linking teacher bonuses to student test scores and other incentive-pay provisions contained in a draft bill for reauthorizing the No Child Left Behind Act. Members of the National Education Association circulated in the halls of Congress on September 10 while the House Education and Labor Committee held a six-hour hearing on the panel's draft of a bill to reauthorize the 5 1/2-year-old education law. At the hearing, the panel's Democratic chairman chastised union leaders for backing away from support for an earlier bill that had also included pay-for-performance language. The day's events demonstrated the difficulties lawmakers face in forging a consensus on the future of the law. Interest groups as diverse as teachers' unions and business leaders disagree on fundamental issues such as teacher pay, student accountability, and other central elements of the law. In a discussion draft of the teacher-quality provisions released September 6, the House education committee would encourage districts to experiment with pay-for-performance plans and offer financial incentives to recruit teachers to hard-to-staff schools. Among other provisions, the draft calls for using student test-score data as one factor in determining whether teachers are eligible for bonuses.