Evaluation of achievement, learning, etc., that requires direct demonstration of knowledge and skills via the construction of responses, and for which scoring can be based on the processes of the response construction as well as the final product -- typically, performance-based assessments are designed to elicit and strengthen examinees' critical-thinking skills, problem-solving strategies, self-evaluation skills, and other higher-order thinking skills (Note: Do not confuse with "Performance Tests," whose usage is restricted to evaluations of manual manipulations and body movements)