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Age Differences2
Expectation2
Extinction (Psychology)2
Infant Behavior2
Infants2
Learning2
Affective Behavior1
Anger1
Coding1
Emotional Development1
Facial Expressions1
Individual Differences1
Personality1
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Developmental Psychology2
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Alessandri, Steven M.1
Lewis, Michael1
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Violation of Expectancy, Loss of Control, and Anger Expressions in Young Infants.
Peer reviewed Peer reviewed
Lewis, Michael; And Others – Developmental Psychology, 1990
Examined facial expressions in relation to cognition in infants 2 to 8 months of age. A total of 48 subjects received an audiovisual stimulus contingent on arm movement, whereas 32 infants did not control the stimulus. Infants in the contingent group expressed greater interest and joy during learning and greater anger during extinction. (RH)
Descriptors: Affective Behavior, Age Differences, Anger, Coding
Violation of Expectancy and Frustration in Early Infancy.
Peer reviewed Peer reviewed
Alessandri, Steven M.; And Others – Developmental Psychology, 1990
A total of 80 infants, divided equally among 4 age groups, participated in a contingency learning task. Of these infants, 48 received an audiovisual stimulus contingent on arm movement, and 32 served as a yoked control group. Findings indicated that exposure to a period in which the infant's expectancy regarding contingent outcomes is violated…
Descriptors: Age Differences, Expectation, Extinction (Psychology), Infant Behavior