This collection of 10 papers provides a comparative analysis of the role of academic-industry relations in innovative educational systems in Eastern Europe, Ibero-America (Latin America, Spain, and Portugal), Russia, and Scotland, as well as in the United States. It arose from a series of conferences, beginning with a 1991 NATO workshop on university-industry relations which took place in Acquafredda, Italy. The first two chapters are based upon the "theme paper" for the Acquafredda conference; the other chapters originated as conference talks. Following an introduction by the editors, the papers are: (1) "Entrepreneurial Science: The Second Academic Revolution" (Henry Etzkowitz and Andrew Webster); (2) "Toward a Theoretical Analysis of Academic-Industry Collaboration" (Andrew Webster and Henry Etzkowitz); (3) "The Changing Context of Science and University-Industry Relations" (Karen Seashore Louis and Melissa S. Anderson); (4) "Strategic Research Alliances; Testing the Collaborative Limits?" (Andrew Webster); (5) "Science and Technology Knowledge Flows Between Industrial and Academic Research: A Comparative Study" (Jacqueline Senker, Wendy Faulkner, and Lea Velho); (6) "Science Parks and Innovation Centers" (Rikard Stankiewicz); (7) "Academy-Industry Relations in Middle-Income Countries: Eastern Europe and Ibero-America" (Katalin Balazs and Guilherme Ary Plonski); (8) "Academic-Industry Relations in Russia: The Road to the Market" (Mike Berry and Lioudmila Pipiia); (9) "Universities in Scotland and Organizational Innovation in the Commercialization of Knowledge" (Margaret Sheen); (10) "Inching Toward Industrial Policy: The University's Role in Government Initiatives To Assist Small, Innovative Companies in the United States" (Henry Etzkowitz and Ashley J. Stevens). (Contains approximately 350 references.) (DB)