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Rouhani, Nina; Norman, Kenneth A.; Niv, Yael – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2018
Reward-prediction errors track the extent to which rewards deviate from expectations, and aid in learning. How do such errors in prediction interact with memory for the rewarding episode? Existing findings point to both cooperative and competitive interactions between learning and memory mechanisms. Here, we investigated whether learning about…
Descriptors: Rewards, Learning, Memory, Interaction
Bulgarelli, Federica; Weiss, Daniel J. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2016
Previous research has revealed that when learners encounter multiple artificial languages in succession only the first is learned, unless there are contextual cues correlating with the change in structure or if exposure to the second language is protracted. These experiments provided a fixed amount of exposure irrespective of when learning…
Descriptors: Statistics, Primacy Effect, Undergraduate Students, Introductory Courses
Yu-Chin, Chiu – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2023
Recent context-control learning studies have shown that switch costs are reduced in a particular context predicting a high probability of switching as compared to another context predicting a low probability of switching. These context-specific switch probability effects suggest that control of task sets, through experience, can become associated…
Descriptors: Learning Processes, Prior Learning, Task Analysis, Cognitive Ability
Brehm, Laurel; Goldrick, Matthew – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2017
The current work uses memory errors to examine the mental representation of verb-particle constructions (VPCs; e.g., "make up" the story, "cut up the meat"). Some evidence suggests that VPCs are represented by a cline in which the relationship between the VPC and its component elements ranges from highly transparent ("cut…
Descriptors: Verbs, Form Classes (Languages), Regression (Statistics), Error Patterns
Chen, Jinglu; Tan, Ling; Liu, Lu; Wang, Ling – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2021
It has been demonstrated that the Simon effect may be increased or reversed due to proportion congruency manipulation, suggesting that learned spatial irrelevant stimulus-response (S-R) associations are used to guide responses. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that learning spatial irrelevant S-R associations by rewards may show a similar…
Descriptors: Reinforcement, Reaction Time, Prediction, Color
Moretti, Luca; Koch, Iring; Steinhauser, Marco; Schuch, Stefanie – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2021
Studies of switching between tasks and studies of error commission have both provided solid behavioral measures of executive control. Nonetheless, a gap remains between these strands of research. In three experiments we sought to reduce this gap by assessing the impact of task errors on N-2 repetition costs, an effect supposedly related to…
Descriptors: Task Analysis, Error Patterns, Cognitive Ability, Attention Control
Le Pelley, Mike E.; Vadillo, Miguel; Luque, David – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2013
Attentional theories of associative learning and categorization propose that learning about the predictiveness of a stimulus influences the amount of attention that is paid to that stimulus. Three experiments tested this idea by looking at the extent to which stimuli that had previously been experienced as predictive or nonpredictive in a…
Descriptors: Task Analysis, Classification, Cues, Prediction
Starns, Jeffrey J.; Ksander, John C. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2016
Increasing the number of study trials creates a crossover pattern in source memory zROC slopes; that is, the slope is either below or above 1 depending on which source receives stronger learning. This pattern can be produced if additional learning affects memory processes such as the relative contribution of recollection and familiarity to source…
Descriptors: Memory, Learning Processes, Familiarity, Decision Making
Braithwaite, David W.; Siegler, Robert S. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2018
Fraction arithmetic is among the most important and difficult topics children encounter in elementary and middle school mathematics. Braithwaite, Pyke, and Siegler (2017) hypothesized that difficulties learning fraction arithmetic often reflect reliance on associative knowledge--rather than understanding of mathematical concepts and procedures--to…
Descriptors: Addition, Arithmetic, Correlation, Foreign Countries
Livins, Katherine A.; Doumas, Leonidas A. A.; Spivey, Michael J. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2016
Although relational reasoning has been described as a process at the heart of human cognition, the exact character of relational representations remains an open debate. Symbolic-connectionist models of relational cognition suggest that relations are structured representations, but that they are ultimately grounded in feature sets; thus, they…
Descriptors: Visual Perception, Spatial Ability, Prediction, Cues
Davis, Tyler; Love, Bradley C.; Preston, Alison R. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2012
Category learning is a complex phenomenon that engages multiple cognitive processes, many of which occur simultaneously and unfold dynamically over time. For example, as people encounter objects in the world, they simultaneously engage processes to determine their fit with current knowledge structures, gather new information about the objects, and…
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Brain Hemisphere Functions, Stimuli, Recognition (Psychology)
Skavhaug, Ida-Maria; Wilding, Edward L.; Donaldson, David I. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2013
Judgments of learning (JOLs) are assessments of how well materials have been learned. Although a wide body of literature has demonstrated a reliable correlation between memory performance and JOLs, relatively little is known about the nature of this link. Here, we investigate the relationship between JOLs and the memory retrieval processes engaged…
Descriptors: Tests, Familiarity, Recognition (Psychology), Cues
Kimball, Daniel R.; Smith, Troy A.; Muntean, William J. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2012
A widely held assumption in metamemory is that better, more accurate metamemory monitoring leads to better, more efficacious restudy decisions, reflected in better memory performance--we refer to this causal chain as the "restudy selectivity hypothesis". In 3 sets of experiments, we tested this hypothesis by factorially manipulating…
Descriptors: Memory, Metacognition, Study, Self Control
Toppino, Thomas C.; Cohen, Michael S. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2010
What do learners do when they control whether to engage in massed or spaced practice? According to theories by Son (2004) and by Metcalfe and Kornell (2005), the tendency for learners to choose spaced practice over massed practice should decline as item difficulty becomes greater. Support originally was obtained when pairs containing unfamiliar…
Descriptors: Metacognition, Difficulty Level, Learning Processes, Prediction