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Rouhani, Nina; Norman, Kenneth A.; Niv, Yael – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2018
Reward-prediction errors track the extent to which rewards deviate from expectations, and aid in learning. How do such errors in prediction interact with memory for the rewarding episode? Existing findings point to both cooperative and competitive interactions between learning and memory mechanisms. Here, we investigated whether learning about…
Descriptors: Rewards, Learning, Memory, Interaction
Spinelli, Giacomo; Lupker, Stephen J. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2021
In the Stroop task, congruency effects (i.e., the color-naming latency difference between incongruent stimuli, e.g., the word BLUE written in the color red, and congruent stimuli, e.g., RED in red) are smaller in a list in which incongruent trials are frequent than in a list in which incongruent trials are infrequent. The traditional explanation…
Descriptors: Color, Interference (Learning), Visual Stimuli, Reaction Time
de Jonge, Mario; Tabbers, Huib K.; Pecher, Diane; Jang, Yoonhee; Zeelenberg, René – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2015
In 2 experiments we investigated the efficacy of self-paced study in multitrial learning. In Experiment 1, native speakers of English studied lists of Dutch-English word pairs under 1 of 4 imposed fixed presentation rate conditions (24 × 1 s, 12 × 2 s, 6 × 4 s, or 3 × 8 s) and a self-paced study condition. Total study time per list was equated for…
Descriptors: Experimental Psychology, Experiments, Pacing, Indo European Languages
Bulgarelli, Federica; Weiss, Daniel J. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2016
Previous research has revealed that when learners encounter multiple artificial languages in succession only the first is learned, unless there are contextual cues correlating with the change in structure or if exposure to the second language is protracted. These experiments provided a fixed amount of exposure irrespective of when learning…
Descriptors: Statistics, Primacy Effect, Undergraduate Students, Introductory Courses
Yu-Chin, Chiu – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2023
Recent context-control learning studies have shown that switch costs are reduced in a particular context predicting a high probability of switching as compared to another context predicting a low probability of switching. These context-specific switch probability effects suggest that control of task sets, through experience, can become associated…
Descriptors: Learning Processes, Prior Learning, Task Analysis, Cognitive Ability
Brehm, Laurel; Goldrick, Matthew – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2017
The current work uses memory errors to examine the mental representation of verb-particle constructions (VPCs; e.g., "make up" the story, "cut up the meat"). Some evidence suggests that VPCs are represented by a cline in which the relationship between the VPC and its component elements ranges from highly transparent ("cut…
Descriptors: Verbs, Form Classes (Languages), Regression (Statistics), Error Patterns
Floyd, Sammy; Goldberg, Adele E. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2021
Many words are associated with more than a single meaning. Words are sometimes "ambiguous," applying to unrelated meanings, but the majority of frequent words are "polysemous" in that they apply to multiple "related" meanings. In a preregistered design that included 2 tasks, we tested adults' and 4.5- to 7-year-old…
Descriptors: Vocabulary Development, Semantics, Task Analysis, Correlation
Miller, Ashley L.; Unsworth, Nash – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2020
In 2 experiments, eye-tracking was used to examine individual differences in attention during encoding and their relation to associative learning. Pupillary responses were used as an indicator of the amount of attention devoted to items, whereas eye fixations provided a means of assessing attentional focus among items within each to-be-remembered…
Descriptors: Eye Movements, Memory, Task Analysis, Recall (Psychology)
Vlach, Haley A.; DeBrock, Catherine A. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2019
Children are able to resolve the referential ambiguity of learning new words by tracking co-occurrence probabilities across moments in time, a behavior termed cross-situational word learning (CSWL). Although we know that children can use co-occurrence data to map words to objects, the literature has a striking limitation: research has focused on…
Descriptors: Retention (Psychology), Vocabulary Development, Language Acquisition, Language Processing
Chen, Jinglu; Tan, Ling; Liu, Lu; Wang, Ling – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2021
It has been demonstrated that the Simon effect may be increased or reversed due to proportion congruency manipulation, suggesting that learned spatial irrelevant stimulus-response (S-R) associations are used to guide responses. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that learning spatial irrelevant S-R associations by rewards may show a similar…
Descriptors: Reinforcement, Reaction Time, Prediction, Color
Meiser, Thorsten; Rummel, Jan; Fleig, Hanna – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2018
Pseudocontingencies are inferences about correlations in the environment that are formed on the basis of statistical regularities like skewed base rates or varying base rates across environmental contexts. Previous research has demonstrated that pseudocontingencies provide a pervasive mechanism of inductive inference in numerous social judgment…
Descriptors: Inferences, Correlation, Decision Making, Probability
Denby, Thomas; Schecter, Jeffrey; Arn, Sean; Dimov, Svetlin; Goldrick, Matthew – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2018
Phonotactics--constraints on the position and combination of speech sounds within syllables--are subject to statistical differences that gradiently affect speaker and listener behavior (e.g., Vitevitch & Luce, 1999). What statistical properties drive the acquisition of such constraints? Because they are naturally highly correlated, previous…
Descriptors: Phonology, Probability, Learning Processes, Syllables
Bott, Franziska M.; Meiser, Thorsten – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2020
Pseudocontingencies are inferences of correlations between variables, like two options and two outcomes, drawn on the basis of their skewed base rates covarying across a third variable (e.g., two contexts). Here, we investigated the effect of pseudocontingency inference on choice behavior. When choices between two options are not based on the…
Descriptors: Inferences, Selection, Sampling, Correlation
Kalish, Michael L.; Newell, Ben R.; Dunn, John C. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2017
It is sometimes supposed that category learning involves competing explicit and procedural systems, with only the former reliant on working memory capacity (WMC). In 2 experiments participants were trained for 3 blocks on both filtering (often said to be learned explicitly) and condensation (often said to be learned procedurally) category…
Descriptors: Short Term Memory, Classification, Learning, Accuracy
Sisk, Caitlin A.; Remington, Roger W.; Jiang, Yuhong V. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2020
Mounting evidence suggests that monetary reward induces an incidentally learned selection bias toward highly rewarded features. It remains controversial, however, whether learning of reward regularities has similar effects on spatial attention. Here we ask whether spatial biases toward highly rewarded locations are learned implicitly, or are…
Descriptors: Rewards, Spatial Ability, Bias, Knowledge Level