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Spinelli, Giacomo; Lupker, Stephen J. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2021
In the Stroop task, congruency effects (i.e., the color-naming latency difference between incongruent stimuli, e.g., the word BLUE written in the color red, and congruent stimuli, e.g., RED in red) are smaller in a list in which incongruent trials are frequent than in a list in which incongruent trials are infrequent. The traditional explanation…
Descriptors: Color, Interference (Learning), Visual Stimuli, Reaction Time
Yu-Chin, Chiu – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2023
Recent context-control learning studies have shown that switch costs are reduced in a particular context predicting a high probability of switching as compared to another context predicting a low probability of switching. These context-specific switch probability effects suggest that control of task sets, through experience, can become associated…
Descriptors: Learning Processes, Prior Learning, Task Analysis, Cognitive Ability
Floyd, Sammy; Goldberg, Adele E. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2021
Many words are associated with more than a single meaning. Words are sometimes "ambiguous," applying to unrelated meanings, but the majority of frequent words are "polysemous" in that they apply to multiple "related" meanings. In a preregistered design that included 2 tasks, we tested adults' and 4.5- to 7-year-old…
Descriptors: Vocabulary Development, Semantics, Task Analysis, Correlation
Miller, Ashley L.; Unsworth, Nash – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2020
In 2 experiments, eye-tracking was used to examine individual differences in attention during encoding and their relation to associative learning. Pupillary responses were used as an indicator of the amount of attention devoted to items, whereas eye fixations provided a means of assessing attentional focus among items within each to-be-remembered…
Descriptors: Eye Movements, Memory, Task Analysis, Recall (Psychology)
Chen, Jinglu; Tan, Ling; Liu, Lu; Wang, Ling – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2021
It has been demonstrated that the Simon effect may be increased or reversed due to proportion congruency manipulation, suggesting that learned spatial irrelevant stimulus-response (S-R) associations are used to guide responses. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that learning spatial irrelevant S-R associations by rewards may show a similar…
Descriptors: Reinforcement, Reaction Time, Prediction, Color
Bott, Franziska M.; Meiser, Thorsten – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2020
Pseudocontingencies are inferences of correlations between variables, like two options and two outcomes, drawn on the basis of their skewed base rates covarying across a third variable (e.g., two contexts). Here, we investigated the effect of pseudocontingency inference on choice behavior. When choices between two options are not based on the…
Descriptors: Inferences, Selection, Sampling, Correlation
Sisk, Caitlin A.; Remington, Roger W.; Jiang, Yuhong V. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2020
Mounting evidence suggests that monetary reward induces an incidentally learned selection bias toward highly rewarded features. It remains controversial, however, whether learning of reward regularities has similar effects on spatial attention. Here we ask whether spatial biases toward highly rewarded locations are learned implicitly, or are…
Descriptors: Rewards, Spatial Ability, Bias, Knowledge Level
Hasenäcker, Jana; Schroeder, Sascha – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2022
Reading development involves several changes in orthographic processing. A key question is, "how does the coding of letters develops in children learning to read?" Masked priming effects of transposition and substitution primes have been taken to index the importance of letter position and identity coding. Somewhat contradicting results…
Descriptors: Alphabets, Reading Processes, Priming, Longitudinal Studies
Moretti, Luca; Koch, Iring; Steinhauser, Marco; Schuch, Stefanie – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2021
Studies of switching between tasks and studies of error commission have both provided solid behavioral measures of executive control. Nonetheless, a gap remains between these strands of research. In three experiments we sought to reduce this gap by assessing the impact of task errors on N-2 repetition costs, an effect supposedly related to…
Descriptors: Task Analysis, Error Patterns, Cognitive Ability, Attention Control
Hamamouche, Karina; Cordes, Sara – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2020
Throughout the life span, we are capable of representing quantities in the absence of language, or nonsymbolically. Additionally, over the course of development, we learn many symbolic measurement systems for representing quantities such as time and number. Despite substantial evidence of a relation between the acquisition of symbolic and…
Descriptors: Individual Differences, Time Perspective, Measurement, Correlation
Charoy, Jeanne; Samuel, Arthur G. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2020
In conversational speech, it is very common for words' segments to be reduced or deleted. However, previous research has consistently shown that during spoken word recognition, listeners prefer words' canonical pronunciation over their reduced pronunciations (e.g., pretty pronounced [word omitted] vs. [word omitted]), even when the latter are far…
Descriptors: Pronunciation, Word Recognition, Spelling, Auditory Perception