Health literacy is the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information well enough to make appropriate health decisions. An estimated 90 million people are affected by inadequate health literacy, and may misunderstand medical information, fail to adhere to treatments, be admitted to the hospital more frequently, and have a higher mortality rate. Literacy practitioners are in a position to assist those who have inadequate health literacy. This article describes the background and theoretical foundations of health literacy as well as current research in the medical and literacy sectors. We also suggest ways of incorporating health content into ABE programs and ways in which literacy practitioners can advocate for those with low health literacy by forming partnerships with community and health care organizations.