Guided by a new framework, the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) science assessment was updated in 2009 to keep the content current with key developments in science, curriculum standards, assessments, and research. The 2009 framework organizes science content into three broad content areas. Physical science includes concepts related to properties and changes of matter, forms of energy, energy transfer and conservation position and motion of objects, and forces affecting motion. Life science includes concepts related to organization and development, matter and energy transformations, interdependence, heredity and reproduction, and evolution and diversity. Earth and space sciences includes concepts related to objects in the universe, the history of the Earth, properties of Earth materials, tectonics, energy in Earth systems, climate and weather, and biogeochemical cycles. The 2009 science assessment was composed of 143 questions at grade 4, 162 at grade 8, and 179 at grade 12. Students responded to only a portion of the questions, which included both multiple-choice questions and questions that required a written response. In 2009, the average score of fourth-grade students in Milwaukee was 126. This was lower than the average score of 135 for public school students in large cities. The percentage of students in Milwaukee who performed at or above the NAEP "Proficient" level was 12 percent in 2009. This percentage was smaller than large cities (20 percent). The percentage of students in Milwaukee who performed at or above the NAEP "Basic" level was 44 percent in 2009. This percentage was smaller than large cities (56 percent). [For the main report, "The Nation's Report Card: Science 2009. Trial Urban District Assessment Results at Grades 4 and 8. NCES 2011-452", see ED516654.]