In a study conducted among more than 980 American four-year and two-year colleges and universities, including institutions such as the University of Michigan, MIT, UCLA and Columbia, security staff and other administrators identified the five leading goals for their security systems: (1) Preventing unauthorized people from entering their facilities; (2) Maximizing the likelihood that students can comply with the intended access design; (3) Providing real-time notification when problems occur; (4) Minimizing the time it takes to lock down the campus; and (5) Finding building occupants quickly in an emergency. However, students do not correlate schools' No. 1 concern, ensuring only authorized entry, with a direct threat to their safety. Violence, threats from non-students, and stalking, among others, are the top five items from which they believe the school should be protecting them: (1) Gun and knife violence/murder/shootings; (2) Rape/sexual harassment/stalking; (3) Muggings/theft/identity theft; (4) Protection from non-students/homeless people/outsiders; and (5) Crimes committed by fellow students (e.g., fights, hate crimes, bullying, hazing and discrimination). Indeed, more than 50 percent of all students mentioned numbers 1 to 3 above. Yet, to make matters worse, when responses were tallied among different departments among the colleges--housing/residential life, facilities management, IT and one-card departments--with the exception of unauthorized entry, there was very little unanimity about the main tasks of their access-control systems. This divergence can be explained by how different departments view their objectives. Facilities and public safety, the key stakeholders in 57 percent of colleges, are more traditional in their approach; IT, one-card and housing departments are more customer/student-oriented. The focus is evolving from the former to the latter. Overall, the great majority of colleges still deploy photo ID cards, magnetic-stripe cards, mechanical keys and barcodes for access control on campus vs. newer, more secure technologies such as proximity and, especially, biometrics and smart cards.