In 2000, Canada launched the Youth in Transition Survey (YITS) in conjunction with the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). Since then, the 30 000 Canadian students that participated in PISA 2000 have been interviewed every two years to collect information about their experiences in education and the labour market. The enhanced assessment of individual competencies, the quality of antecedent data and the ability to better adjust for background factors, improve analytical power. The availability of outcome variables later on in time maximises the capacity to explain the increase or decrease in results relative to explanatory factors. YITS will be completed in 2010 and in 2009 participants were re-assessed using the same tools as in PISA 2000. This document showcases some of the advantages of a PISA longitudinal component by highlighting some key findings emerging from the PISA 2000/YITS data up to the 2006 round. Appended are: (1) Countries Other Than Canada Implementing a Longitudinal Research Component with PISA; and (2) Data Tables and Technical Information. Individual chapters contain notes. (Contains 10 boxes, 12 figures and 37 tables.)