Contrastive analysis is viewed as an interlinguistic, bidirectional phenomenon which is concerned with both the form and function of language. As such, contrastive analysis must view language psycholinguistically and sociolinguistically as a system to be both described and acquired. Due to the need for a psychological component in the analysis, the notion of transfer is discussed. Setting a theoretical framework, the book takes a microlinguistic approach and in concentrating on syntax examines the effect of contrastive analysis of alternative descriptive models--structuralist, transformational-generative, and case grammar. The models are used as means to isolate general grammatical categories of unit, structure, class, and system applicable to all descriptive frameworks. Principles for the practical application of contrastive analysis at various language levels are also presented. Addressing the contextual side of language, the book adopts a macrolinguistic approach in a discussion of pragmatics, text analysis, conversational analysis, and contrastive discourse. Contrastive analysis is presented as a useful contributor to studies in interlanguage and the predictability of learner difficulty. Combined with error analysis, contrastive analysis is a useful tool for educators interested in adjusting their teaching to their students' knowledge. The appendix lists locations and directors of various contrastive analysis projects. (JK)