In trying to determine race and sex differences in earnings, some chapters in this volume examine the hypothesis that earnings differences are caused by skill differences. Findings indicate that skill differences cannot account for much of the earnings differences. Education levels required by various jobs are analyzed and compared to the actual attainment level of the job holders. This analysis indicates that "surplus" education is widespread, but also has a wage payoff. An investigation of the "vintage" effects of the growth rates in earnings of black and white workers shows that large effects are found among an older cohort of workers of both races. Short and long-term poverty are also investigated. Taken into consideration is the relative importance of various types of transfer programs in raising individuals above the poverty line. The incidence and effects of housing and neighborhood problems are analyzed. Other factors examined include property taxes paid, the contribution or subsidy given or received by family members, and trends in driving, commuting, and food expenditures. The current work of researchers using panel data is summarized and appendices include response rates, data quality, and a sample of the 1976 questionnaire. (Author/EB)