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Zachary P. Goldman – ProQuest LLC, 2022
This research focuses on a dual mediation model designed to describe the learning process of sixth grade students practicing mathematics to improve Mathematics Operation Proficiency while experiencing different forms of feedback. The variables of interest in this study are the predictor variable feedback type, the mediating variables of Affective…
Descriptors: Learning Processes, Grade 6, Elementary School Mathematics, Mathematics
Longo, Zachary T. – ProQuest LLC, 2019
The present study investigated the relationship between two major components of executive functioning (EF) and externalizing behavior problems (EBP) during the early elementary years. More specifically, Working Memory (WM) and Cognitive Flexibility (CF) measured in kindergarten through second grade were used to predict teacher ratings of EBP in…
Descriptors: Elementary School Students, Grade 2, Executive Function, Student Behavior
Horton, Zachary R. – ProQuest LLC, 2019
This study investigated teacher questioning practices and rationales in released-time seminary classes for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (the Church of Jesus Christ or the Church). Seminary teachers focus their questions on helping students learn course principles, value those principles, and apply them to their lives by…
Descriptors: Churches, Theological Education, Christianity, Questioning Techniques
Barnes, Zachary T. – ProQuest LLC, 2018
Executive function skills have a direct link to reading comprehension (Carretti, Borella, Cornoldi, & De Beni, 2009). Specifically, cognitive flexibility and working memory have been shown as a significant contributor to reading comprehension (Cain, Oakhill, & Bryant, 2004; Cartwright, 2002). Understanding the link between cognitive…
Descriptors: Executive Function, Cognitive Processes, Short Term Memory, Reading Comprehension
Yaple, Zachary; Arsalidou, Marie – Child Development, 2018
The "n"-back task is likely the most popular measure of working memory for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies. Despite accumulating neuroimaging studies with the "n"-back task and children, its neural representation is still unclear. fMRI studies that used the "n"-back were compiled, and data from…
Descriptors: Diagnostic Tests, Visual Aids, Short Term Memory, Brain Hemisphere Functions
Mulligan, Neil W.; Buchin, Zachary L.; West, John T. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2022
Memory retrieval affects subsequent memory in ways both positive (e.g., the testing effect) and negative (e.g., retrieval-induced forgetting, RIF). The changes to memory that retrieval produces can be thought of as the encoding consequences of retrieval, examined here with respect to attention. In three experiments, participants first studied…
Descriptors: Attention, Testing, Recall (Psychology), Memory
Su, Ningxin; Buchin, Zachary L.; Mulligan, Neil W. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2021
Retrieval enhances subsequent memory more than restudy (i.e., the testing effect), demonstrating the encoding (or reencoding) effects of retrieval. It is important to delineate the nature of the encoding effects of retrieval especially in comparison to traditional encoding processes. The current study examined if the level of retrieval, analogous…
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Memory, Study, Recall (Psychology)
Barnes, Zachary T.; Boedeker, Peter; Cartwright, Kelly B.; Zhang, Bingshi – Journal of Research in Reading, 2022
Studies have demonstrated significant associations between executive function (EF) and reading ability. Many of these studies have evaluated this association through composite EF skills. In this study, we evaluated the indirect effects of working memory (WM) and cognitive flexibility (CF) in the relation between kindergarten socioeconomic status…
Descriptors: Socioeconomic Status, Executive Function, Reading Skills, Short Term Memory
Gemzik, Zachary M.; Donahue, Margaret M.; Griffin, Amy L. – Learning & Memory, 2021
Spatial working memory (SWM) is the ability to encode, maintain, and retrieve spatial information over a temporal gap, and relies on a network of structures including the medial septum (MS), which provides critical input to the hippocampus. Although the role of the MS in SWM is well-established, up until recently, we have been unable to use…
Descriptors: Short Term Memory, Spatial Ability, Task Analysis, Cues
Rottman, Benjamin M.; Caddick, Zachary A.; Nokes-Malach, Timothy J.; Fraundorf, Scott H. – Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 2023
Until recently, physicians in the USA who were board-certified in a specialty needed to take a summative test every 6-10 years. However, the 24 Member Boards of the American Board of Medical Specialties are in the process of switching toward much more frequent assessments, which we refer to as "longitudinal assessment." The goal of…
Descriptors: Physicians, Evaluation, Certification, Expertise
Caddick, Zachary A.; Fraundorf, Scott H.; Rottman, Benjamin M.; Nokes-Malach, Timothy J. – Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 2023
Over the course of training, physicians develop significant knowledge and expertise. We review dual-process theory, the dominant theory in explaining medical decision making: physicians use both heuristics from accumulated experience (System 1) and logical deduction (System 2). We then discuss how the accumulation of System 1 clinical experience…
Descriptors: Physicians, Expertise, Cognitive Processes, Thinking Skills
Nokes-Malach, Timothy J.; Fraundorf, Scott H.; Caddick, Zachary A.; Rottman, Benjamin M. – Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 2023
We apply a motivational perspective to understand the implications of physicians' longitudinal assessment. We review the literature on situated expectancy-value theory, achievement goals, mindsets, anxiety, and stereotype threat in relation to testing and assessment. This review suggests several motivational benefits of testing as well as some…
Descriptors: Physicians, Expertise, Testing, Motivation
Fraundorf, Scott H.; Caddick, Zachary A.; Nokes-Malach, Timothy J.; Rottman, Benjamin M. – Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 2023
Although tests and assessments--such as those used to maintain a physician's Board certification--are often viewed merely as tools for decision-making about one's performance level, strong evidence now indicates that the experience of being tested is a powerful learning experience in its own right: The act of retrieving targeted information from…
Descriptors: Physicians, Expertise, Maintenance, Cognitive Processes
Buncher, Amanda; Hord, Casey; Weaver, Kitiara; Gamel, Zachary – Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, 2019
The researchers conducted an exploratory, qualitative case study to describe a combination of mathematics teaching strategies for a sixth-grade student with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder as he engaged with sixth-grade level mathematics. The interventions utilised in this study combined the use of visual representations with a variation…
Descriptors: Verbal Communication, Case Studies, Schemata (Cognition), Mathematics Instruction
Buchin, Zachary L.; Mulligan, Neil W. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2017
Memory retrieval often enhances later memory compared with restudying (i.e., the testing effect), indicating that retrieval does not simply reveal but also modifies memory representations. Dividing attention (DA) during encoding greatly disrupts later memory performance while DA during retrieval typically has modest effects--but what of the…
Descriptors: Attention, Memory, Cognitive Processes, Recall (Psychology)