In search of ways to better the foreign language proficiency levels of their citizens, governments frequently announce macro foreign language policies. In Turkey, the latest education reform in 2013 lowered the onset of foreign language learning to the second grade. The piloting of the latest foreign language policy is in progress to transform the…

To better comprehend how educational reforms and classroom practice interconnect, we need to understand the epistemic environments created for learning, as well as the pedagogical activities and the modes of classroom discourse related to these activities. This article examines how a particular innovation in English literacy, Strategies for…

As the largest English-learning population in the world, China is deeply involved in communicative language teaching (CLT). Because of economic, administrative, cultural, and population constraints, and the academic abilities of classroom teachers, China has to work to Adapt CLT to local conditions. This situation must be overcome or traditional,…