This article examines the Spanish proverb, "quien habla dos idiomas vale por dos," which literally translates to mean he who speaks two languages is worth two people and applies its meaning to immigrant children who are language brokers for their families. Historically, the United States has not promoted multilingualism and even frowned…

The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), signed in 1965, was a pivotal civil rights law to address the dream of equitable education for all children on the mainland and in U.S. territories. The ESEA was followed by the Bilingual Education Act (BEA), signed by President Johnson in 1968. The BEA specifically addressed the necessities of…

This article traces the ways in which New York City schools have responded to the multilingualism of its children in the last forty years. I review here the past to construct the future--the future of the past. I argue that in the predominantly Puerto Rican community of the 1960s and 1970s a simple approach toward languages and bilingualism in…

Language and cultural preservation efforts among different communities of language speakers in the United States have received increasing attention as interest in linguistic rights and globalization continues to deepen. In addition to mounting evidence of the cognitive, psychological, and academic benefits of heritage language/community language…

This report provides a program description and evaluation findings of a bilingual program for gifted and talented children conducted at C.S. 211, an elementary school serving black and Hispanic children in an economically deprived area of the Bronx, New York. The program's goals, which included above grade level reading and mathematics performance…

During the 1976-77 academic year the Ganado (Arizona) Title VII Bilingual Education Project operated within a Cooperative Teaching Model based on language roles. Each teacher was assigned a role based on language responsibility: English language teachers concentrated on teaching English as a second language, while Navajo language teachers taught…

This evaluation report describes Project P.R.O.B.E., a bilingual education program for four and five year old Spanish speaking children in two Bronx, New York schools. The educational objectives of the program, including the improvement of reading and other curriculum skills, are outlined. Also described are staffing patterns, orientation and…

This is an evaluation of a Title VII bilingual education program carried out for Spanish and English dominant children in grades K-6 at Public School 332 in Brooklyn, New York. The aims of the program were to develop students' abilities to speak, read, and write English, to enable Spanish speaking children to interact with their English speaking…

Based on a review of twenty-eight studies, this report examines the success of transitional bilingual education proqrams in leading to better performance in English and in nonlanguage subject areas. The following conclusions are offered: (1) Schools can improve the achievement level of language minority children through proper programs. (2) There…

This evaluation focuses on a project concerned with establishing bilingual/bicultural education for New York City children from homes in which English, French, Spanish, or Yiddish is spoken. The goals, strategies, target population, and staff, parent and student activities of the program, which involved pre-kindergarten through fifth grade…