Speaking broadly, the Russian revolutionary movement served as the channel of communication between the most radical thinkers of Western Europe and the traditional culture. (Author/JC)

Article surveys the special theories and empirical studies of language acquisition carried out by Soviet psychologists, especially in the period since 1950. The basic principles of materialism, historicism and social reference characteristic of Soviet Marxist psychology are placed in contrast to certain current tendencies in American linguistics.…

In the period 1917 to 1934, from being a country where almost ninety percent of the population consisted of illiterate peasants, the Soviet Union was transformed into an emerging industrialized society, where almost ninety percent had achieved literacy. The massive campaign which achieved this is described in this article. (Author/CB)

The article contrasts North American and Soviet views and approaches to student evaluations, especially in the area of testing differences in academic achievement. It provides a brief summary of Soviet schooling and evaluative procedures. (Author/SB)