Who is at risk in school, and what does race have to do with it? Studies of the extent to which race correlates with educational outcomes and elucidates achievement gaps predate the discourse on risk. In this chapter, the authors analyze the survey literature that statistically defines some racial groups and not others as being at educational risk. The authors start by examining how in naming which racial groups are ate risk in school, researchers not only aggregate demographic data in ways that mask the variation in achievement that occurs within and across racial groups but also selectively highlight some achievement gaps and indices of underperformance and not others. In light of the prospective role of schools, they analyze contemporary research efforts aimed at delineating and interpreting how schools structure achievement through their institutional character and practices and by implication inform the relationship between race and achievement. (Contains 7 notes.)