In this chapter, the authors examine the trajectory of the literature on race, culture, and identity in education research through the past century. The literature is first situated within its historical and conceptual foundations, specifically the dehumanizing legacy of scientific racism, the early efforts by African American scholars to rehumanize marginalized members of society, and the emergence of identity as a construct in the social sciences. The authors then explore the body of education research--from the mid 20th century to today--focused on the relationship between cultural and racial identities and students' experiences with schooling. They close with a vision for the next era of research on this critical topic.