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Anxiety2
Communication Apprehension2
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Second Language Learning2
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Language Learning2
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Gardner, R. C.2
MacIntyre, P. D.1
MacIntyre, Peter D.1
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Anxiety and Second Language Learning: Toward a Theoretical Clarification.
Peer reviewed Peer reviewed
MacIntyre, P. D.; Gardner, R. C. – Language Learning, 1989
Literature on foreign language anxiety shows a considerable amount of ambiguity arising from conflicting results of past studies. An attempt is made to show that these difficulties can be resolved given an awareness of the theoretical perspective from which this research has developed. (Author/VWL)
Descriptors: Anxiety, Communication Apprehension, Factor Analysis, Higher Education
Language Anxiety: Its Relationship to Other Anxieties and to Processing in Native and Second Languages.
Peer reviewed Peer reviewed
MacIntyre, Peter D.; Gardner, R. C. – Language Learning, 1991
Factor analysis of 23 scales assessing language and other forms of anxiety identified three separate factors of social evaluation, state, and language anxiety and found some correlations between scores based on those factors and measures of memory and vocabulary production in both native and second language. (46 references) (Author/CB)
Descriptors: Anxiety, College Students, Communication Apprehension, Factor Analysis