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Dry, Matthew J.; Fontaine, Elizabeth L. – Journal of Problem Solving, 2014
The Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP) is a computationally difficult combinatorial optimization problem. In spite of its relative difficulty, human solvers are able to generate close-to-optimal solutions in a close-to-linear time frame, and it has been suggested that this is due to the visual system's inherent sensitivity to certain geometric…
Descriptors: Problem Solving, Geographic Location, Computation, Visual Stimuli
Steingroever, Helen; Wetzels, Ruud; Wagenmakers, Eric-Jan – Journal of Problem Solving, 2013
The Iowa gambling task (IGT) is one of the most popular tasks used to study decision-making deficits in clinical populations. In order to decompose performance on the IGT in its constituent psychological processes, several cognitive models have been proposed (e.g., the Expectancy Valence (EV) and Prospect Valence Learning (PVL) models). Here we…
Descriptors: Decision Making, Reinforcement, Comparative Analysis, Models
Carruthers, Sarah; Stege, Ulrike – Journal of Problem Solving, 2013
This article is concerned with how computer science, and more exactly computational complexity theory, can inform cognitive science. In particular, we suggest factors to be taken into account when investigating how people deal with computational hardness. This discussion will address the two upper levels of Marr's Level Theory: the computational…
Descriptors: Problem Solving, Computation, Difficulty Level, Computer Science
Fischer, Andreas; Greiff, Samuel; Funke, Joachim – Journal of Problem Solving, 2012
This article is about Complex Problem Solving (CPS), its history in a variety of research domains (e.g., human problem solving, expertise, decision making, and intelligence), a formal definition and a process theory of CPS applicable to the interdisciplinary field. CPS is portrayed as (a) knowledge acquisition and (b) knowledge application…
Descriptors: Problem Solving, Difficulty Level, Expertise, Decision Making
Taatgen, Niels A. – Journal of Problem Solving, 2011
The minimal control principle (Taatgen, 2007) predicts that people strive for problem-solving strategies that require as few internal control states as possible. In an experiment with the Abstract Decision Making task (ADM task; Joslyn & Hunt, 1998) the reward structure was manipulated to make either a low-control strategy or a high-strategy…
Descriptors: Problem Solving, Abstract Reasoning, Decision Making, Learning Strategies
Hemmati, Mehdi; Smith, J. Cole – Journal of Problem Solving, 2011
We consider a version of an optimal stopping problem, in which a customer is presented with a finite set of items, one by one. The customer is aware of the number of items in the finite set and the minimum and maximum possible value of each item, and must purchase exactly one item. When an item is presented to the customer, she or he observes its…
Descriptors: Consumer Economics, Problem Solving, Decision Making, Purchasing
Robinson, A. Emanuel; Sloman, Steven A.; Hagmayer, York; Hertzog, Christopher K. – Journal of Problem Solving, 2010
The role of causal beliefs in people's decisions when faced with economic problems was investigated. Two experiments are reported that vary the causal structure in prisoner's dilemma-like economic situations. We measured willingness to cooperate or defect and collected justifications and think-aloud protocols to examine the strategies that people…
Descriptors: Causal Models, Beliefs, Problem Solving, Economics