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Zirkel, Perry A. – Journal of Special Education Leadership, 2023
Although varying among and within the states, the percentage of students with 504 plans is steadily and significantly increasing as a national average. Although the professional literature addresses the legal standards for eligibility for 504 plans, it has not provided up-to-date information to practitioners as to the legal standard for the…
Descriptors: Federal Legislation, Students with Disabilities, Court Litigation, Program Development
Zirkel, Perry A. – Journal of Special Education Leadership, 2023
The confusing variations of terminology that connect "home" with instruction warrant special care in relation to students with disabilities. The underlying core of these varying terms amounts to three distinct placement options in relation to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), here identified as homebound…
Descriptors: Students with Disabilities, Home Instruction, Student Placement, Home Schooling
Zirkel, Perry A. – Journal of Special Education Leadership, 2021
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) continues to account for an expansive and expensive segment of education litigation. The most longstanding remedy under the IDEA is tuition reimbursement, interpreted broadly to include not only private school tuition, but also related transportation and stand-alone related services. Probably…
Descriptors: Tuition, Federal Legislation, Educational Legislation, Equal Education
Zirkel, Perry A. – Journal of Special Education Leadership, 2012
Special education leaders need to be aware of long-standing general regulatory requirements under [image omitted]504 for which school districts are often vulnerable. Special education leaders also have to keep current on recent legal developments for "[image omitted]504-only" students, including the effects of the Americans with…
Descriptors: Disabilities, Special Education, Individualized Education Programs, Educational Legislation
Zirkel, Perry A.; McGuire, Brooke L. – Journal of Special Education Leadership, 2010
This article maps out the similarities and differences among the various routes to Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and Section 504 dispute resolution, including those not widely and well known to special education leaders. For IDEA-eligible students, the alternative avenues consist of not only the impartial hearing procedures…
Descriptors: Civil Rights, Eligibility, Disabilities, Federal Legislation
Zirkel, Perry A.; Rose, Tessie – Journal of Special Education Leadership, 2009
A systematic analysis of the references to "scientifically based research" (SBR) and closely related terms, such as "peer-reviewed research" (PRR), in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) legislation, regulations, commentary, and case law reveal that SBR and its primary variants apply largely to state support…
Descriptors: Educational Research, Learning Disabilities, School Districts, Technical Assistance