The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the empirical findings on the stability of attachment from infancy through adulthood. More specifically, the paper discusses the longitudinal research concerning the continuity of attachment from infancy to adulthood as well as those studies that have assessed stability within a…

Assesses developmental changes in verbal memory from the beginning of elementary school to late adolescence on the basis of data from the Munich Longitudinal Study. Suggests that overall, individual differences in verbal memory performance develop very early in life and are relatively unaffected by differences in educational experiences. (Contains…

Hope theory integrates the conceptualization of goals, along with the strategies to achieve those goals, and the motivation to pursue those goals. In a 6-year longitudinal study, individual differences in hope, as measured by the Hope Scale scores of entering college freshmen, predicted better overall grade point averages. Hopeful thinking in…

Study examines whether children's achievement strategies predict their improvement in reading and mathematical skills during the first school year, or whether the skills predict the change in their achievement strategies. Results indicate that task-avoidant behaviors decreased subsequent improvement in reading skills, and that a low level of…

Reports on two longitudinal studies in which 3 subgroups of German-speaking children (phonological awareness deficit, naming-speed deficit, and double deficit) were assessed for reading and spelling performance three years later. Unlike findings with English-speaking children, results reveal that phonological awareness deficits did not affect…

Examines relations between academic self-concept (ASC) and measures of reading-related performance and self-concept in 60 beginning school children who were assessed as having positive, negative, or typical ASCs. Data reveals that children with negative ASCs performed poorly on reading-related tasks and reported more negative reading self-concepts…