Teacher scaffolding is crucial to promote students' cooperative learning processes, but little is known about the cognitive attention underlying teachers' scaffolding behavior. This study aims to investigate the scaffolding behavior teachers exhibit while intervening in students' cooperative learning and to explore the relation between teachers'…

Science teachers in many countries were required to shift from face-to-face (F2F) instruction to distance learning (DL) during the COVID-19 pandemic. With the aim of helping science teachers learn how to support their students in negotiating such shifts in the future, we used an online motivation survey based on achievement goal theory to…

In many countries, integrating engineering into science education is regarded as the best means of improving science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education. In Mainland China, some efforts have been made to integrate engineering into science, but problems regarding teacher factors hinder its effective implementation. To address…

Understanding the development of mathematics self-efficacy has important implications. Based on Bandura's four sources of self-efficacy, most previous studies mainly examined whether the sources predicted or correlated with mathematics self-efficacy, which might have oversimplified the underlying mechanism of self-efficacy development. This study…

Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macao, in the Greater China Region, have similar yet different educational systems and curriculum standards, and each has performed well in international tests for science achievement. Using revised Bloom's taxonomy, this study analyzed and explored the similarities and differences among these four Chinese…