Evaluates contributions to Russian pedagogical thought of a pioneering essay on the history of childhood and the family in Russia ("Dva Vospitaniia" by Kliuchevskii, written in 1893). Characterizes the Betskoi schools which were based upon the philosophy described by Kliuchevskii as humanistic, but beset by pedagogical problems and…

The article describes how the German Social Democratic Party promoted educational reform in Germany before World War I. It demanded state support for a secularized school program, suggested curricular reforms to instill socialist values, and promoted adult education and socialist training in the home. (AV)

Many researchers believe that professional development derives from power struggles. This case study shows that the professionalization of nineteenth-century secular French primary school teachers was generated by the interplay between teachers and other participants--particularly the Catholic church, families, and the state--in the funding and…

Actions taken to counter alcoholism in Belgium toward the end of the 19th century are discussed. Why the primary school was enlisted in the fight against the social problem, what initiatives were developed, and what results were achieved are considered. (RM)

This essay assesses the goals and accomplishments of technical education introduced by Peter the Great in the early 1700's in Russia. The extent to which technical and, more particularly mathematical instruction displaced religious, literacy instruction is the main focus. (JH)

Examines the history of teaching at the elementary level in England from 1870 to 1910. Social standing of elementary teachers, numbers of male vs. female teachers, and professionalization are discussed. (RM)

Examines women's role models as described in six textbooks used in French public and Catholic elementary schools from 1880-1940. Women were consistently portrayed in domestic roles, low-status jobs, and rural settings. Research indicated that these descriptions were accurate portrayals of social values and women's limited opportunities in that…