Adam Smith used selections from English literature in his classroom during the eighteenth century because he believed that vernacular literature could provide a ready context for the teaching of ideological, social, and moral lessons. He believed that higher education should prepare students for the real business of the real world. (RM)

Reviews political, social, and educational influences which contributed to expansion of the Sorbonne (the University of Paris) from the late 1880s to the early 1900s, with attention to the roles of Louis Liard (dominant figure in French education) and Emile Durkheim (leading Sorbonne professor of sociology and advocate of proscientific attitudes…

Characterizes public education in New Zealand during the period 1919-1922 as being influenced by increased instruction in patriotism and systematic monitoring of teacher and pupil loyalty. The reason for the politicization of education was fear of left-wing radicalism in the wake of the Russian revolution. (DB)

Presents an account of political and religious influences affecting the French secondary school, Louis Le Grand, during the eighteenth century. Shows how the development of a major institution of education can be related to historical events and pressures. (DB)