In the mid-1920s, a virulent renewal of the age-old German dispute regarding what form German schools should take resulted in a political crisis. Worsened Catholic-liberal relations contributed to a split in the bourgeois middle, making political cooperation more difficult and hindering a moderate evolution of the Weimar state. (RM)

Actions taken to counter alcoholism in Belgium toward the end of the 19th century are discussed. Why the primary school was enlisted in the fight against the social problem, what initiatives were developed, and what results were achieved are considered. (RM)