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Nemeth, Julian – History of Education Quarterly, 2017
Sidney Hook set the terms of debate on Communism, higher education, and academic freedom in the postwar United States. His view that Communists lacked the independence necessary for teaching and research--a view forged in the heated debates of New York City's radical left in the 1930s--provided the rationale for firing Communist professors across…
Descriptors: Social Systems, Academic Freedom, Educational History, United States History
Cain, Timothy Reese – History of Education Quarterly, 2011
Numerous faculty members at the University of Michigan and institutions across the nation found themselves victims of hysteria and anti-German extremism during World War I. Through an examination of restrictions on speech before American entry into the war, investigations into the loyalty of more than a dozen educators, and considerations of the…
Descriptors: College Faculty, Social Discrimination, Teacher Dismissal, State Universities