Recent research has repeatedly raised the question of how the authenticity of learning material affects learning outcomes. This question is particularly important for history education: researchers continue to debate whether teachers should use historians' authentic working material (e.g., multiple primary sources and historical accounts) or less…

Germany historically responded to student diversity by tracking students into different schools beginning with grade 5. In the last decades, sociopolitical changes, such as an increase in "German-as-a-second-language" speaking students (GSL), have increased diversity in all tracks and have forced schools to consider forms of…

National goals and performance standards were introduced in Sweden during the 1990s as part of a curriculum reform. The intention was to detect shortcomings among students and provide support to those students who did not reach the passing grade in one (or several) subject/s. Despite this reform, approximately one-fourth of the students do not…

The purpose of the study was to reveal whether and how learner-centered instruction in comparison with traditional teacher-centered instruction might present unique effects on the learning behaviors and academic motivation of Chinese students. Meanwhile, it was also explored how the distinctive instructing features of Chinese teachers assuming the…

Theoretical developments in second or foreign language motivation research have led to a better understanding of the convoluted nature of motivation in the process of language acquisition. Among these theories, action control theory has recently shown a good deal of explanatory power in second language learning contexts and in the presence of…

This study aimed to investigate the factors accounting for science learning self-efficacy (the specific beliefs that people have in their ability to complete tasks in science learning) from both the teacher and the student levels. We thus propose a multilevel model to delineate its relationships with teacher and student science hardiness (i.e.,…

In the framework of teacher's approaches to teaching, this study investigates the relationship between student-related variables (i.e., study time, class absence, domain knowledge, and homework completion), students' approaches to learning, and teachers' approaches to teaching using structural equation modeling (SEM) with two…