Limitations in cooperation between higher education and industry in Poland are linked to differences in the sectors' assessment criteria for research activities, time perspectives, administrative structures. Solutions to these problems have not yet been worked out. (MSE)

The University of Aberdeen's development, with the petroleum industry, of a group of companies for research and development are discussed, including problems encountered and recommendations for other universities with similar interests. (MSE)

Concerns of a researcher in a Belgian university regarding the trend toward policy implementation dominated by short- and medium-term budgetary considerations are outlined. The university system's heterogeneous, compartmentalized nature and potential are noted, along with the relationship to the government and the real danger of break-up of the…

Recent Swedish reforms in higher education have as objectives increased access to education, diversification, and democratic organization, but they are also threatening an overemphasis on science and technology and a loss of the varied traditions of knowledge. A reassessment of admission policies, institutional organization, faculty…

Scientific and technological research in Spain has been hindered more by lack of organization than by lack of funds. The 1983 Universty Reform Act to restructure the curriculum and improve research quality represents a major step in bringing Spanish research up to the levels of other modern university systems and to promote economic development.…

The relationship of the state and higher education, particularly in relation to the role of science education, is outlined throughout Austrian history. Conservative postwar reconstruction, expansion of access to higher education, and student participation in administration are traced, and criticisms of the present government-academic balance are…

In the Netherlands, freedom of research and teaching are self-evident, but equally self-evident are the government limits set on this freedom through legislation, regulations, and financial constraints imposed. Having begun as restrained advice, government influence has become active control in current circumstances. Mutual survival is now the…

Implications of a gradual change in the "pecking order" within higher education in the course of the 1970s are discussed. This change cuts across the traditional university/nonuniversity distinctions, and illustrates the growing vulnerability of certain types and disciplines of university education. Focus is on graduate employability. (MSE)

The trends and reforms of the French postsecondary education system show fundamental adaptation to new concerns, but the development is slow and uneven, being kept in check by certain well-established institutions. The main causes of malfunctions, attributed to it by students, employers, governments, and teachers, are identified and discussed.…

Italy's Universities Act of 1981, designed to establish new hiring and working conditions for faculty, also initiates reform of university organization and teaching. Uniformity of faculty rank and terms of service, curtailment of anarchic growth, experimentation with new organizational and governance structures, and innovations in scientific…

Changes in Norwegian higher education in the 1960s and 1970s include a trend toward decentralization, increased concern for public spending and higher education's contribution to national economic well-being, enrollment shifts, focus on engineering and oil technology, admissions policy changes, and relatively little government encroachment.…

An analysis of advisory councils in France's centralized system also proposes a framework for such councils in policy formation in other countries. The analysis looks at the main features of such groups, how they are placed within the system, and what may be learned from the French experience. (MSE)

A federation was established among several of France's Centers for University Teaching through Broadcasting to pool resources and activities to better serve external degree students. The administrative organization and activities of the group are outlined. (MSE)

Five models commonly used to analyze change in the Swedish higher education system are described, and a sixth model related more to public administration than to education is proposed. The public administration model approaches higher education as a system of institutions interrelated by an authority structure, a relationship not fully considered…

Describes the French elementary, secondary, and higher education systems and women's current role in them as teachers and administrators. Barriers to women's entering administration include the system's traditional male hierarchy, difficulty of transition from teaching to administration, need to reconcile family and professional life, and often,…