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Should Schools Be Optimistic? An Investigation of the Association between Academic Optimism of Schools and Student Achievement in Primary Education
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Boonen, Tinneke; Pinxten, Maarten; Van Damme, Jan; Onghena, Patrick – Educational Research and Evaluation, 2014
Academic emphasis, collective efficacy, and faculty trust in students and parents (3 school characteristics positively associated with student achievement) are assumed to form a higher order latent construct, "academic optimism" (Hoy, Tarter, & Woolfolk Hoy, 2006a, 2006b). The aim of the present study is to corroborate the latent…
Descriptors: Academic Achievement, Factor Analysis, Grade 5, Foreign Countries
How Do Different Versions of a Test Instrument Function in a Single Language? A DIF Analysis of the PIRLS 2006 German Assessments
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Stubbe, Tobias C. – Educational Research and Evaluation, 2011
The challenge inherent in cross-national research of providing instruments in different languages measuring the same construct is well known. But even instruments in a single language may be biased towards certain countries or regions due to local linguistic specificities. Consequently, it may be appropriate to use different versions of an…
Descriptors: Test Items, International Studies, Foreign Countries, German