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Academic Achievement2
Achievement Tests1
Alternative Assessment1
Cognitive Processes1
Elementary Secondary Education1
Instructional Leadership1
Leadership Effectiveness1
Standardized Tests1
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Educational Leadership2
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Marzano, Robert J.2
Costa, Arthur L.1
McNulty, Brian1
Waters, J. Timothy1
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Question: Do Standardized Tests Measure General Cognitive Skills? Answer: No.
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Marzano, Robert J.; Costa, Arthur L. – Educational Leadership, 1988
When the Stanford and CTBS achievement batteries were analyzed, two major findings emerged: (1) the test items included only nine of the 22 general cognitive operations; and (2) the required general cognitive operations had little to do with student achievement on these tests. Implications and alternative assessment techniques are discussed.…
Descriptors: Academic Achievement, Achievement Tests, Alternative Assessment, Cognitive Processes
Leadership that Sparks Learning
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Waters, J. Timothy; Marzano, Robert J.; McNulty, Brian – Educational Leadership, 2004
An analysis done to examine the effect of school leadership on student achievement revealed that effective leadership could boost student achievement. A quantitative review defining the attributes of effective leadership is presented.
Descriptors: Leadership Effectiveness, Academic Achievement, Instructional Leadership, Statistical Analysis