Interviews were conducted with 244 women teaching in universities in Finland, France, East Germany, West Germany, and Great Britain to discover causes for the minority position of women who teach in universities. Women's position appeared to depend not on characteristics of individual educational systems but on common factors--social attitudes,…

A comparative analysis of China's scholarly relations with the developed capitalist world explains China's policies; examines Sino-European scholarly exchange and American, Canadian, and Japanese exchange policies and programs; and intends to identify policies likely to contribute to cultural and educational autonomy or increase hazards of…

Contrasts historical cases in Western countries concerning the idea that ordinary rural primary school teachers can play an important role as "animateurs"--leaders in rural development activities. Reveals no historical evidence to support the idea that teachers can stimulate rural development. (AH)