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Lexical Access Speed and the Development of Phonological Recoding during Immediate Serial Recall
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AuBuchon, Angela M.; Elliott, Emily M.; Morey, Candice C.; Jarrold, Christopher; Cowan, Nelson; Adams, Eryn J.; Attwood, Meg; Bayram, Büsra; Blakstvedt, Taran Y.; Büttner, Gerhard; Castelain, Thomas; Cave, Shari; Crepaldi, Davide; Fredriksen, Eivor; Glass, Bret A.; Guitard, Dominic; Hoehl, Stefanie; Hosch, Alexis; Jeanneret, Stéphanie; Joseph, Tanya N.; Koch, Christopher; Lelonkiewicz, Jaroslaw R.; Meissner, Grace; Mendenhall, Whitney; Moreau, David; Ostermann, Thomas; Özdogru, Asil Ali; Padovani, Francesca; Poloczek, Sebastian; Röer, Jan Philipp; Schonberg, Christina; Tamnes, Christian K.; Tomasik, Martin J.; Valentini, Beatrice; Vergauwe, Evie; Vlach, Haley; Voracek, Martin – Journal of Cognition and Development, 2022
A recent Registered Replication Report (RRR) of the development of verbal rehearsal during serial recall revealed that children verbalized at younger ages than previously thought, but did not identify sources of individual differences. Here, we use mediation analysis to reanalyze data from the 934 children ranging from 5 to 10 years old from the…
Descriptors: Language Processing, Phonology, Serial Ordering, Recall (Psychology)
The Girl Was Watered by the Flower: Effects of Working Memory Loads on Syntactic Production in Young Children
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Adams, Eryn J.; Cowan, Nelson – Journal of Cognition and Development, 2021
Working memory is necessary for a wide variety of cognitive abilities. Developmental work has shown that as working memory capacities increase, so does the ability to successfully perform other cognitive tasks, including language processing. The present work demonstrates the effects of working memory availability on children's language production.…
Descriptors: Short Term Memory, Young Children, Syntax, Cognitive Processes
Deconfounding Serial Recall: Response Timing and the Overarching Role of Grouping
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Cowan, Nelson; Elliott, Emily M. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2023
We used the timing of serial recall in several situations to reveal important aspects of recall groupings that participants construct and the reasons those groupings occur. We examined the timing of responses in the recall of digit strings within two published experiments. Cowan, Saults, Elliott, and Moreno (2002) examined memory for nine-item…
Descriptors: Serial Ordering, Recall (Psychology), Reaction Time, Short Term Memory
Strategic Adaptation to Dual-Task in Verbal Working Memory: Potential Routes for Theory Integration
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Belletier, Clément; Doherty, Jason M.; Graham, Agnieszka J.; Rhodes, Stephen; Cowan, Nelson; Naveh-Benjamin, Moshe; Barrouillet, Pierre; Camos, Valérie; Logie, Robert H. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2023
How working memory supports dual-task performance is the focus of a long-standing debate. Most previous research on this topic has focused on participant performance data. In three experiments, we investigated whether changes in participant-reported strategies across single- and dual-task conditions might help resolve this debate by offering new…
Descriptors: Short Term Memory, Theories, Cognitive Processes, Executive Function
The Role of Domain-General Attention and Domain-Specific Processing in Working Memory in Algebraic Performance: An Experimental Approach
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Ünal, Zehra Emine; Forsberg, Alicia; Geary, David C.; Cowan, Nelson – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2022
We investigated the role of working memory in symbolic and spatial algebra and related tasks across five experiments. Each experiment combined a processing task (expression evaluation, arithmetic, coordinate plane, geometry, or mental rotation) with verbal and spatial memory loads in a dual-task design. Spatial memory was compromised in the…
Descriptors: Short Term Memory, Algebra, Verbal Ability, Spatial Ability
Exploring the Use of Phonological and Semantic Representations in Working Memory
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Cowan, Nelson; Guitard, Dominic; Greene, Nathaniel R.; Fiset, Sylvain – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2022
In the traditional conception of working memory for word lists, phonological codes are used primarily, and semantic codes are often discarded or ignored. Yet, other evidence indicates an important role for semantic codes. We carried out a preplanned set of four experiments to determine whether phonological and semantic codes are used similarly or…
Descriptors: Phonology, Semantics, Short Term Memory, Rhyme
Asymmetrical Interference between Item and Order Information in Short-Term Memory
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Guitard, Dominic; Saint-Aubin, Jean; Cowan, Nelson – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2021
To recall a list of items just after the end of the presentation, participants must encode both the items and the order in which they were presented. Despite a long history of studying item and order information, little is known regarding the relation between them. Here, we examined this issue with a novel task in which participants saw two 4- or…
Descriptors: Interference (Learning), Recall (Psychology), Task Analysis, Item Analysis
A Preregistered Replication and Extension of the Cocktail Party Phenomenon: One's Name Captures Attention, Unexpected Words Do Not
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Röer, Jan Philipp; Cowan, Nelson – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2021
In the cocktail party phenomenon, participants cannot attend to more than 1 stream of information, but sometimes detect their own name being presented in the irrelevant message during a selective listening task. Here we present a preregistered replication of the phenomenon, in which we also tested whether semantically unexpected words have a…
Descriptors: Attention, Listening, Individual Differences, Short Term Memory
Do Familiar Memory Items Decay?
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Ricker, Timothy J.; Sandry, Joshua; Vergauwe, Evie; Cowan, Nelson – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2020
There is a long-standing debate over whether the passage of time causes forgetting from working memory, a process called trace decay. Researchers providing evidence against the existence of trace decay generally study memory by presenting familiar verbal memory items for 1 s or more per memory item, during the study period. In contrast,…
Descriptors: Familiarity, Short Term Memory, Time, Verbal Communication
Dual-Task Costs in Working Memory: An Adversarial Collaboration
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Doherty, Jason M.; Belletier, Clement; Rhodes, Stephen; Jaroslawska, Agnieszka; Barrouillet, Pierre; Camos, Valerie; Cowan, Nelson; Naveh-Benjamin, Moshe; Logie, Robert H. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2019
Theories of working memory often disagree on the relationships between processing and storage, particularly on how heavily they rely on an attention-based limited resource. Some posit separation and specialization of resources resulting in minimal interference to memory when completing an ongoing processing task, while others argue for a greater…
Descriptors: Short Term Memory, Cognitive Processes, Attention, Recall (Psychology)
Informed Guessing in Change Detection
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Rhodes, Stephen; Cowan, Nelson; Hardman, Kyle O.; Logie, Robert H. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2018
Provided stimuli are highly distinct, the detection of changes between two briefly separated arrays appears to be achieved by an all-or-none process where either the relevant information is in working memory or observers guess. This observation suggests that it is possible to estimate the average number of items an observer was able to retain…
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes, Short Term Memory, Recall (Psychology), Change
Insights into Spared Memory Capacity in Amnestic MCI and Alzheimer's Disease via Minimal Interference
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Dewar, Michaela; Pesallaccia, Martina; Cowan, Nelson; Provinciali, Leandro; Della Sala, Sergio – Brain and Cognition, 2012
Impairment on standard tests of delayed recall is often already maximal in the aMCI stage of Alzheimer's Disease. Neuropathological work shows that the neural substrates of memory function continue to deteriorate throughout the progression of the disease, hinting that further changes in memory performance could be tracked by a more sensitive test…
Descriptors: Structural Elements (Construction), Models, Alzheimers Disease, Word Lists
Reasoning and Memory: People Make Varied Use of the Information Available in Working Memory
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Hardman, Kyle O.; Cowan, Nelson – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2016
Working memory (WM) is used for storing information in a highly accessible state so that other mental processes, such as reasoning, can use that information. Some WM tasks require that participants not only store information, but also reason about that information to perform optimally on the task. In this study, we used visual WM tasks that had…
Descriptors: Logical Thinking, Short Term Memory, Models, Individual Differences
Detection of the Number of Changes in a Display in Working Memory
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Cowan, Nelson; Hardman, Kyle; Saults, J. Scott; Blume, Christopher L.; Clark, Katherine M.; Sunday, Mackenzie A. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2016
Here we examine a new task to assess working memory for visual arrays in which the participant must judge how many items changed from a studied array to a test array. As a clue to processing, on some trials in the first 2 experiments, participants carried out a metamemory judgment in which they were to decide how many items were in working memory.…
Descriptors: Experimental Psychology, Short Term Memory, Correlation, Performance
No Recovery of Memory When Cognitive Load Is Decreased
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Ricker, Timothy J.; Vergauwe, Evie; Hinrichs, Garrett A.; Blume, Christopher L.; Cowan, Nelson – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2015
There is substantial debate in the field of short-term memory (STM) as to whether the process of active maintenance occurs through memory-trace reactivation or repair. A key difference between these 2 potential mechanisms is that a repair mechanism should lead to recovery of forgotten information. The ability to recover forgotten memories would be…
Descriptors: Cognitive Ability, Maintenance, Short Term Memory, Retention (Psychology)
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