Students face several challenges when learning through traditional teaching settings. They need to accumulate huge amounts of factual knowledge from the courses, and to keep up-to-date with the prolific growth in health knowledge. Lack of awareness about digital technologies and non-exposure to digital-friendly environments have made learning even…

While research on the relationship between general education class size and student achievement is plentiful, research on class size in special education is scarce, even though class size issues must be considered particularly important to students with special educational needs. This summary is based on a systematic review that sought to examine…

Service learning is distinctive from traditional voluntarism or community service in that it intentionally connects service activities with curriculum concepts and includes structured time for reflection. This review examines the evidence of impact of service learning on students' 'neither employed, nor in education or training' (NEET) status…

This Campbell systematic review examines the effects of self-management interventions to address student behaviors and academic outcomes in schools. The review summarized and analyzed evidence from 75 single-case design studies and four group-design studies, of which three were experimental and one was quasi-experimental. School-based…

This review aims to explore the effects of placing children with special needs in inclusive educational settings, compared with segregated placement on measures of academic achievement and psychosocial adjustment. A secondary aim is to explore how different child or setting characteristics (gender, age, type and severity of special need, part- or…

Low levels of mathematics and reading skills are associated with a range of negative outcomes in life, including reduced employment and earnings, and poor health. This review examines the impact of a broad range of school-based interventions that specifically target students with or at risk of academic difficulties in Grades K-6. The students in…

This document is a 2-page summary of a Campbell Systematic Review Update. The Review Update examines the effects of employment interventions for people with autism spectrum disorders and summarizes evidence from three randomized controlled trials spanning the period from 2014 to 2016. Employment interventions are vocational programs that provide…

This Campbell systematic review examines the effects of targeted school-based interventions on standardised tests in reading and maths. The review analyses evidence from 71 studies, 52 of which are randomised controlled trials. School-based interventions targeting students with, or at risk of, academic difficulties in Grades 7-12 have on average…

This Campbell systematic review assesses the overall impact on student achievement of processes and methods that are more student-centered versus less student-centered. It also considers the strength of student-centered practices in four teaching domains: (1) Flexibility: degree to which students can contribute to course design, selecting study…

This Campbell systematic review examines the effects of linguistic comprehension instruction on generalized measures of language and reading comprehension skills. The review summarizes evidence from 43 studies, including samples of both pre-school and school-aged participants. This review considers whether language-supportive programs are…

Over the long summer break, students forget some of what they learned during the school year. This "summer learning loss" is especially large for low-income students. One policy aimed at decreasing summer learning loss is year-round education (YRE): re-distributing the usual number of school days so that students have more short breaks…

This Campbell systematic review examines the impact of interventions to reduce exclusion from school. School exclusion, also known as suspension in some countries, is a disciplinary sanction imposed by a responsible school authority, in reaction to students' misbehaviour. Exclusion entails the removal of pupils from regular teaching for a period…

Research shows that there is a shortage of effective teachers in many rural and urban K-12 public schools serving the highest proportions of high-poverty students across the United States. In the past 10 years, alternative route teacher preparation programs aiming to address this shortage proliferated across the United States. These programs seek…

Reducing class size is seen as a way of improving student performance. But larger class sizes help control education budgets. The evidence suggests at best a small effect on reading achievement. There is a negative, but statistically insignificant, effect on mathematics, so it cannot be ruled out that some children may be adversely affected. This…

Increasing class size is one of the key variables that policy makers can use to control spending on education. But the consensus among many education researchers is that smaller classes are effective in improving student achievement. This view has led to a policy of class size reductions in a number of US states, the UK, and the Netherlands. This…