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Androgyny | 4 |
Sex Differences | 3 |
Personality Theories | 2 |
Children | 1 |
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College Students | 1 |
Definitions | 1 |
High School Students | 1 |
Higher Education | 1 |
Measurement Instruments | 1 |
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Spence, Janet T. | 4 |
Helmreich, Robert L. | 2 |
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Bem Sex Role Inventory | 2 |
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Peer reviewed
Spence, Janet T.; Helmreich, Robert L. – Psychological Review, 1981
A logical contradiction in Bem's (1981) theory is outlined. The Bem Sex Role Inventory cannot measure a unidimensional construct, gender schema, and two independent constructs--masculinity and femininity. Such instruments measure self-images of instrumental and expressive personality traits which show little relationship to the constructs…
Descriptors: Androgyny, Cognitive Processes, Measures (Individuals), Self Concept
Peer reviewed
Spence, Janet T. – Child Development, 1982
Argues that Baumrind (1982), in her discussion of studies employing Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) and Personal Attitudes Questionnaire, confuses theories proposed by Bem (1974) and by Spence and Helmreich (1978, 1979), which are based on different assumptions and have different implications. Outlines differences between the two and points out…
Descriptors: Androgyny, Children, Parents, Research Problems
Spence, Janet T. – 1979
In the late 1970's androgyny as a concept gained respectability, accompanied, however, by a backlash. Debate centered primarily on scientific grounds and both sides failed to define the concepts of masculinity, femininity and androgyny, including possible cultural relativity. Most empirical research on androgyny uses either the BSRI or the PAQ…
Descriptors: Androgyny, Definitions, Personality Theories, Psychological Testing
Peer reviewed
Spence, Janet T.; Helmreich, Robert L. – Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 1979
Theoretical and empirical assumptions underlying three major approaches for assessing the continuum of masculine and feminine attributes are examined. Data from the Personal Attributes Questionnaire are analyzed in terms of the implications of measurement schemata designed by Bem, Spence, and Helmreich, and other researchers. (GC)
Descriptors: Androgyny, College Students, High School Students, Higher Education