This note series is intended to summarize lessons learned and key policy findings on the World Bank's work in education. Over the past 20 years China's education sector has provided many lessons for countries that are approaching Universal Primary Education (UPE). The most important lesson may be that the need for educational reform does not diminish as countries approach UPE. The first challenge is to expand education opportunities. As coverage expands, however, new challenges inevitably emerge that require constant attention and frequent updates to education policy and financing mechanisms. The China experience indicates that when Universal Primary Education (UPE) has reached a higher level, the focus shifts to reaching marginal groups and to issues of equity, quality and finance. Disparities among children from poor and wealthier families and children from urban and rural families require increased attention, even as governments seek to maintain and stabilize enrollment increases at the primary level. China's experience with migrant students illustrates the importance of constant fine-tuning and adjustment to education policy and financing. In China, as in other developing economies, attainment of UPE will be one step in what must be an ongoing process of education reform. (Contains 1 graph.) [This report was produced by the World Bank's Education Advisory Service.]