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Gender Constancy; A Methodological and Theoretical Analysis.
Peer reviewed Peer reviewed
Martin, Carol Lynn; Halverson, Charles F., Jr. – Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 1983
A verbal and a perceptual test of gender constancy were administered to 26 four- to six-year olds. The majority of the children answered questions as if referring to a "pretend" rather than "real" situation, which decreased scores of gender constancy on both tests. (AOS)
Descriptors: Children, Experimental Groups, Perception Tests, Primary Education
The Development of Gender Stereotype Components.
Peer reviewed Peer reviewed
Martin, Carol Lynn; And Others – Child Development, 1990
Children of 4 to 10 years of age were told about children whose sex was not specified and who had a masculine or feminine toy or characteristic. Results indicated that children first learn characteristics relevant to their own sex, and that older children's stereotypic judgments about gender are more extreme than those of younger children. (BC)
Descriptors: Age Differences, Children, Femininity, Foreign Countries
Conceptualizing, Measuring, and Evaluating the Developmental Course of Gender Differentiation: Compliments, Queries, and Quandaries.
Peer reviewed Peer reviewed
Ruble, Diane N.; Martin, Carol Lynn – Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 2002
Identifies contributions of Liben and Bigler's studies to gender development related to measuring self and other sex typing, developing a theoretical account of the self-other relation, and incorporating individual differences. Raises questions about measures used and interpretations of the findings. Suggests issues for future research:…
Descriptors: Activities, Age Differences, Childhood Attitudes, Cognitive Processes