Including family background variables in the wage equation significantly decreases estimated returns to a worker's own schooling. Using data on family members' schooling, this paper identifies family background's substantial effects on returns to schooling in Taiwan. The father's schooling is more important than the mother's in explaining wage…

Estimates separate earnings equations by employment sector and gender in Spain and identifies returns to human capital, based on 1990-91 household survey data. Public wages are higher, and civil servants more highly educated. However, the public sector pays lower returns to education and experience. Earnings advantage is largest for least skilled…