Increasing student achievement by improving the quality and effectiveness of teachers, principals, and other school leaders is one of the key goals of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA). Title II, Part A of ESEA (Title II-A) provides over $2 billion per year in funding to states and districts to support effective instruction through the preparation, recruitment, and training of educators. The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA), which reauthorized the ESEA in 2015, provided greater flexibility for states and districts in how they use Title II-A funds, by expanding the option to transfer funds to other ESEA programs, and authorizing states to set aside additional funds for training principals and other school leaders. This report, required by Congress, provides a national picture of state and district priorities for Title II-A funds in the 2018-19 school year. Key Findings: (1) Half of the states and a quarter of districts used new ESSA flexibility; (2) Professional development was a popular and substantial use of districts' Title II-A funds, with both short- and long-term training common; and (3) To a lesser extent, districts also invested in reducing class size, and in recruiting and retaining effective educators. [For the appendices, see ED610919.]